Involvement of Personality and Health Status in the Psychological Wellbeing of Subjects with Chronic Disease.

(1) Background: Psychological wellbeing correlates with improved physical and psychological health, as this construct plays a fundamental role in disease recovery and health maintenance. Hence, for healthcare professionals, understanding the factors that predict psychological wellbeing is of great interest. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether health status and personality traits influence psychological wellbeing. (2) Methods: The total sample (N = 600) consisted of HIV patients, individuals with diabetes, and healthy subjects from the Salamanca Clinical Hospital. The instruments used for data collection included a sociodemographic questionnaire, Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scale, and the Spanish version of the Big Five Taxonomy to measure personality. (3) Results: Specific personality traits, such as Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Responsibility, and Integrity were significant predictors of different dimensions of psychological wellbeing. Regarding health status, individuals with diabetes and healthy subjects, compared to HIV+ subjects, were associated with higher levels of psychological wellbeing dimensions. (4) Conclusions: Individual differences in personality traits and the diagnosis of a chronic condition may play a fundamental role in psychological wellbeing. These conclusions are of great interest for developing strategies aimed at individuals with chronic illnesses and specific personality traits associated with poorer psychological wellbeing.

Correction: Rivera-Picón et al. Factors Associated with Adherence to Treatment in Patients with HIV and Diabetes Mellitus. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 269.

There was an error in the original publication [...].

Mediterranean Diet for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: An Updated Systematic Review.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are currently the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with coronary heart disease being the primary cause. The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been highlighted for its potential in providing greater protection against CVDs. This study aims to present an updated systematic review that examines the impact of MD on mortality and CVDs, both in the general population and in patients with a prior CVD, while also considering the potential influence of gender. We conducted a systematic review. After the selection process, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings from these studies consistently demonstrate that higher adherence to the MD is associated with a reduced risk of overall mortality, both in the general population and in patients with previous CVDs. Moreover, evidence suggests that following this dietary pattern likely decreases the risk of CVDs such as heart attacks, various types of coronary artery disease, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. While some studies have identified differences in the benefits of the MD between men and women, it is important to note that these disparities may be attributed to lower event rates and a generally lower cardiovascular risk profile in women. Thus, the observed variations in outcomes should be interpreted in the context of these factors. Adherence to the MD has the potential to improve survival rates and reduce the risk of CVDs in both the general population and individuals with a prior CVD. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms underlying the protective effects of this dietary pattern and to better understand the role gender-related differences in its outcomes. Nevertheless, promoting the adoption of the MD could be an effective strategy for mitigating the burden of CVDs globally.

NANDA nursing diagnoses associated with the occurrence of psychomotor agitation in patients with severe mental disorder: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Psychomotor agitation is increased psychomotor activity, restlessness and irritability. People with psychomotor agitation respond by overreacting to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, experiencing stress and/or cognitive impairment. the aim was to analyse the association of nursing diagnoses with the disinhibition dimension, the aggressiveness dimension and the lability dimension of the Corrigan Agitated Behaviour Scale. METHODS: This study was conducted in Spain using a multicentre cross-sectional convenience sample of 140 patients who had been admitted to psychiatric hospital units and had presented an episode of psychomotor agitation between 2018 and 2021. RESULTS: The Corrigan Agitated Behaviour Scale was used to assess psychomotor agitation. Associated nursing diagnoses, violence directed at professionals and the environment are shown to be predictive values for the severity of the agitation episode. Moderate-severe psychomotor agitation episodes are shown as predictors of violence directed mainly at professionals and the environment. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need for mental health nurses to have knowledge of the extended clinic in order to care for users and improve their health conditions in dealing with people, with their social, subjective and biological dimension.

Formal and Informal Services Used by Women Who Suffer Intimate Partner Violence in Spain.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important public health problem. Female victims of IPV do not always use the institutional resources available to them. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Spanish 2014 Macro-Survey on Violence Against Women. The findings show that 15% of the survey participants suffered from IPV in the last year. The factors associated with a higher probability of suffering IPV are being of non-Spanish nationality, being a student, having a low-educational level, having no income, being the household head, and not having a current partner. Regarding the resources used by women subjected to IPV, almost half resorted to informal sources, such as female friends and/or their own mothers. The use of formal resources was low. Therefore, IPV continues to be a problem in Spain that seems to remain in the private domain. Consequently, it is necessary to increase the availability of and access to legal resources.

Influence of state of health and personality factors of resilience and coping in healthy subjects and those with diabetes.

Introduction: Currently, the most common chronic metabolic disease in our society is Diabetes Mellitus. The diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus supposes an impact for the patient, since it requires a modification in the lifestyle, which demands a great capacity for adaptation and modification of habits. The aim of the study was to determine whether personality factors and health status influence resilience and coping strategies in a sample of healthy and diabetic subjects. Methodology: The sample included a total of 401 subjects (201 patients with Diabetes and 200 without pathology). The instruments applied for data collection were: Sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Resilience Scale, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire and The "Big Five" factor taxonomy. The data collection period was approximately 2 years (between February 2018 and January 2020). Results: Certain personality factors, such as Emotional Stability, Integrity, Conscientiousness and Extraversion, were positively related to Resilience. Additionally, Emotional Stability, Integrity, and Extraversion were positively associated with Rational Coping. On the other hand, emotional stability, agreeableness and extraversion were negatively related to emotional coping. In relation to health status, the absence of pathology is related to the use of rational strategies more than to the diagnosis of diabetes. Therefore, the participants in this study present different psychological patterns depending on personality and health status. Conclusions: The present study shows that the subjects of the sample present different psychological patterns depending on Personality and health status.

Factors Associated with Adherence to Treatment in Patients with HIV and Diabetes Mellitus.

We aim to identify the factors that influence the therapeutic adherence of subjects with chronic disease. The design followed in this work was empirical, not experimental, and cross-sectional with a correlational objective. The sample consisted of a total of 400 subjects (199 patients with HIV and 201 patients with diabetes mellitus). The instruments applied for data collection were a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4) and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. In the group of subjects with HIV, that the use of emotional coping strategies was related to lower adherence to treatment. On the other hand, in the group of subjects with diabetes mellitus, the variable related to compliance with treatment was the duration of illness. Therefore, the predictive factors of adherence to treatment were different in each chronic pathology. In the group of subjects with diabetes mellitus, this variable was related to the duration of the disease. In the group of subjects with HIV, the type of coping strategy used predicted adherence to treatment. As a result of these results, it is possible to develop health programmes to promote, from nursing consultations to adherence to treatment of patients with HIV and diabetes mellitus.

Googling Insomnia, Light, Metabolism, and Circadian: A Population Interest Simple Report.

Exposure to light at night, insomnia, and disrupted circadian patterns could be considered risk factors for developing noncommunicable diseases. Understanding the awareness of the general population about the abovementioned factors could be essential to predict noncommunicable diseases. This report aimed to investigate the general community's interest in circadian, insomnia, metabolism, and light using Google Trends, and to evaluate results from different geographic areas. Relative search volumes (RSVs) for the factors mentioned, filtered by the "Health" category, were collected between 2007 and 2021. Moreover, RSVs were analysed in five different European languages. Worldwide mean RSVs for "Circadian", "Insomnia", "Light", and "Metabolism" during the study period were 2%, 13.4%, 62.2%, and 10%, respectively. In different developed countries, searching for light, insomnia, and metabolism were different, suggesting a variable level of awareness. Limited knowledge about the circadian pattern of human activities was detected. The highest correlation coefficient was calculated. Our results suggest the potential role of extensive data analysis in understanding the public interest and awareness about these risk factors. Moreover, it should be interpreted as the onset of stimulus for researchers to use comprehensible language for reaching comprehensive media coverage to prevent sleep and circadian system disturbances.

The Importance of Positive Psychological Factors among People Living with HIV: A Comparative Study.

We aim to identify the differences in psychological well-being, resilience, and coping strategies between healthy subjects and HIV patients. The design followed in this work was empirical, not experimental, and cross-sectional with a correlational objective. The sample included a total of 399 participants (199 patients with HIV and 200 without pathology). The instruments applied for data collection were as follows: a questionnaire on socio-demographic data, the Psychological Well-being Scale, the Resilience Scale and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. The study period was from February 2018 to January 2020. Patients with HIV had a significantly lower score than healthy subjects, in the resilience factors of perseverance and self-confidence. Subjects with HIV scored less in all dimensions of psychological well-being, with the exception of the dimension of autonomy. Finally, it was observed that HIV-positive subjects used rational coping strategies less frequently than healthy subjects, based on social support seeking and problem-solving coping. However, HIV patients scored higher in emotional coping strategies than healthy individuals.

Seasonal pattern in elderly hospitalized with acute kidney injury: a retrospective nationwide study in Italy.

PURPOSE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently complicates hospitalization and is associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). It has been reported a seasonal trend in different clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between seasons of the year and IHM in elderly hospitalized patients with AKI. METHODS: We selected all admissions complicated by AKI between 2000 and 2015 recorded in the Italian National Hospital Database. ICD-9-CM code 584.xx identified subjects with age ≥ 65 years and age, sex, comorbidity burden, need of dialysis treatment and IHM were compared in hospitalizations recorded during the four seasons. Moreover, we plotted the AKI observed/expected ratio and percentage of mortality during the study period. RESULTS: We evaluated 759,720 AKI hospitalizations (mean age 80.5 ± 7.8 years, 52.2% males). Patients hospitalized with AKI during winter months had higher age, prevalence of dialysis-dependent AKI, and number of deceased patients. In whole population IHM was higher in winter and lower in summer, while the AKI observed/expected ratio demonstrated two peaks, one in summer and one in winter. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that parameters such as age, autumn, winter, comorbidity burden were positively associated with IHM. CONCLUSION: We conclude that a seasonality exists in AKI, however, relationship between seasons and AKI could vary depending on the aspects considered. Both autumn and winter months are independent risk factors for IHM in patients with AKI regardless of age, sex and comorbidity burden. On the contrary, summer time reduces the risk of death during hospitalizations with AKI.

Perceptions of Gender Violence in Spanish Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Gender violence among adolescents is a global problem. In the context of public healthcare, nursing professionals play an important role. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine awareness, information, and beliefs regarding gender violence in adolescents and identify their educational needs. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Data from a study conducted by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research and the Government Office for Gender Violence in 2013 are used. The sample contained 698 adolescents aged 15-19 years. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a data survey. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines are followed. Sociodemographic variables and seven topics of interest were analyzed: gender inequality, intimate relationships, definition of abuse, identification of abuse, awareness of cases of abuse in women, and informal and formal support networks. RESULTS: The results show that adolescents are well informed, are aware of informal and formal support networks, use the word "respect," identify abuse and consider it unacceptable, and believe media coverage is useful in giving visibility to gender violence. No significant differences were found in gender, social class, or education, and their idea of romantic love remains intact. CONCLUSIONS: The researchers conclude that, in Spain, adolescents' awareness of gender violence is strongly influenced by environmental and cultural factors, because of the prevalence of gender and intimate partner violence in the country. Formal interventions such as health education provided by either nursing professionals in schools or the broader community can have a positive effect on adolescent health. Primary care nurses should use these findings to support the development of health promotion programs for young adults.

Differences in Resilience, Psychological Well-Being and Coping Strategies between HIV Patients and Diabetics.

The aim of the study was to determine the differences in resilience, psychological well-being and coping strategies between patients with HIV and diabetics. The sample included a total of 400 subjects (199 patients with HIV and 201 subjects with diabetes). The instruments applied for data collection were a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Resilience Scale (Wagnild and Young), the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Sandín and Chorot). The data collection period was approximately 2 years (between February 2018 and January 2020). Based on the results of our work it was found that the subjects with HIV had lower scores than the diabetic subjects in all the resilience factors, except for the factor "feeling good alone". In addition, the subjects with HIV scored significantly lower than the diabetic subjects on all the variables of psychological well-being. Subjects with HIV used problem-solving coping, social support seeking, positive reappraisal, religious coping and avoidance coping with less frequency than diabetic subjects. However, they used more negative auto-focused coping compared to diabetic subjects. Therefore, subjects with HIV show a different psychological pattern in relation to resilience, psychological well-being and use of coping strategies compared to diabetic subjects.

Individual Circadian Preference, Eating Disorders and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Dangerous Liaison? A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and other eating disorders are an actual public health problem, especially in childhood and adolescents, and could be also related with chronotype. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the relationship between eating disorders, obesity and the different chronotypes in children and adolescents. METHODS: A systematic review of observational studies evaluating young populations dealing with and evaluating chronotype was conducted. Electronic searches were performed in six international databases. A qualitative thematic-categorical analysis was carried out and a random-effects model was used for the quantitative analysis (meta-analysis). RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included, but quantitative analysis was only carried out in three of them. Children and adolescents with an evening chronotype had higher body mass index, consumed more junk food or were more predisposed to suffer from food addiction and night eating syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with evening chronotype had higher tendency to incorrect eating behaviors and were suffering from overweight/obesity. Environment but also lifestyle factors should be considered in the association between chronotype and eating disorders and obesity.

Risky Behaviours of Spanish University Students: Association with Mediterranean Diet, Sexual Attitude and Chronotype.

The most common drugs that are consumed by young people are alcohol and tobacco, which are especially prevalent in universities. These risk behaviours can be determined by a series of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of alcohol and tobacco by Spanish university students and the relationship between the Mediterranean diet, sexual attitudes and opinions, and chronotype. A multicentre observational study enrolled 457 students from two public universities in Spain. The study period was from December 2017 to January 2018. The majority of the participants consumed alcohol (90.2%), tobacco consumption was low (27.2%), with a high percentage of students (78.6%) having a low dependence on nicotine. The surveyed students demonstrated a high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which was shown to be associated with less risky alcohol consumption. The Mediterranean diet is a part of healthy lifestyle, and avoiding heavy drinking results in the intention to maintain such a lifestyle. In addition, unhealthy eating habits (skipping breakfast, eating sweets and pastries daily, and fast-food consumption) had a tendency to induce risky alcohol consumption. Therefore, to promote healthy lifestyle habits, it is considered important to establish programs that promote healthy diets in university settings and to evaluate them periodically.

Transferencia de los resultados de investigación al aula: registros de incidencias de las caídas / Transferring research results to the classroom: Fall incidence records

Antecedentes: Los registros completos y correctos de los eventos de caídas ayudan a implementar las medidas de prevención. Sin embargo, existe un desconocimiento entre el personal de salud sobre la existencia de un sistema de registro o la necesidad de registrar dichos eventos. El propósito de este estudio fue que los estudiantes de Enfermería realizaran registros de calidad de los eventos de caída y, en consecuencia, desarrollar e implementar un sistema de registro de incidentes de caída de pacientes (REOC) para su uso durante las prácticas clínicas de los estudiantes de enfermería. Método: La investigación-acción participativa (análisis de incidentes críticos) se llevó a cabo en una Facultad de enfermería del sur de España y su hospital de referencia. Entre otras variables, se evaluó la implementación del REOC (intervención), la complejidad de los registros y los resultados de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Resultados: El instrumento de registro tuvo un impacto significativo en los resultados sanitarios de los pacientes. El REOC fue de complejidad media (42,9%) y baja (42,9%), mientras que el 71,4% adquirió nuevas habilidades a través de la implementación. Los resultados de aprendizaje fueron de nivel medio en el 71,5% de los casos y positivos en el 28,6%. Implicaciones para la práctica: El proyecto propuesto es un ejemplo de una experiencia de innovación-investigación-innovación llevada a cabo en un entorno de enseñanza-aprendizaje utilizando un proceso cíclico de transferencia de conocimientos y retroalimentación. (AU)

Google Trends on Obesity, Smoking and Alcoholism: Global and Country-Specific Interest.

Unhealthy habits or lifestyles, such as obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption, are involved in the development of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze different communities' interest in seeking obesity, smoking, and alcohol-related terms through relative search volumes (RSVs) of Google Trends (GT). Internet search query data on obesity, smoking, and alcohol-related terms were obtained from GT from the period between 2010 and 2020. Comparisons and correlations between different topics were calculated considering both global searches and English-, Spanish-, and Italian-speaking areas. Globally, the RSVs for obesity and alcohol-related terms were similar (mean RSVs: 76% and 77%), but they were lower for smoking (65%). High RSVs were found in winter for obesity and smoking-related terms. Worldwide, a negative correlation was found between alcohol and smoking terms (r = -0.72, p < 0.01). In Italy, the correlation was positive (r = 0.58). The correlation between obesity and alcohol was positive in all the cases considered. The interest of global citizens in obesity, smoking, and alcohol was high. The RSVs for obesity were globally higher and correlated with alcohol. Alcohol and smoking terms were related depending on the area considered.

Associations between Chronotype, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Sexual Opinion among University Students.

A person's chronotype determines different habits, among which are eating and physical activity. Furthermore, at the university stage, social and organisational factors have a direct effect on students' daily attitudes and habits. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is linked to better sleep quality and less social jet lag, but association with chronotype or sexual opinion remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between chronotype, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and sexual opinion. A multicentre observational study enrolled 457 students, from the University of Castilla-La Mancha and the University of Cordoba. Sociodemographic data and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, chronotype, physical activity, and sexual opinion were collected with validated questionnaires. The study period was from December 2017 to January 2018. Our results reported that students with an evening chronotype (E-type), with evening preferences, had a lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet and showed a higher tendency towards erotophilia. E-type students reported a significantly lower intake of fruits, vegetables, pulses, cereals, and olive oil, and higher breakfast skipping. Therefore, among the measures to promote healthy habits (obesity prevention, sexual education, socialisation, etc.), chronotype and an analysis of the impact of the schedules established by the universities must be considered.

Influence of tobacco, alcohol consumption, eating habits and physical activity in nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, eating habits, and physical activity among nursing students and to detect whether being a nursing student is a protective factor against these habits. METHOD: a questionnaire was used to collect information on age, academic year, sex, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity, and healthy eating. An information sheet and informed consent form were given. The sample was composed of 264 students aged between 18-30 years from four academic years. RESULTS: of the total sample, 15.5% smoked, 83.7% consumed alcoholic beverages and 97.2% consumed over the weekend. The total of 68.6% did not practice exercises and 70.5% needed changes in their diet. CONCLUSION: nursing students have high levels of alcohol consumption and low levels of smoking compared with other studies. The higher the academic year, the lower the age of onset of tobacco consumption. The number of men who exercised was higher, which is considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption and is related to a healthy diet. Smoking has a negative influence on diet. The students needed to change their diet. Finally, being a nursing student is not considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption, nor having good eating habits and exercising.

Association between Physical Activity, Food Consumption and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults in Spain: Findings of a National Survey.

Young adults have a significant prevalence of mental disorders, which could lead to dysfunctional quality of life. Records of 1,645 Spanish adolescents were examined and multiple logistic regressions were performed. Being a woman, being older and having a sedentary life were all associated with a higher psychological vulnerability, whereas a low frequency of fresh fruit and bread/cereals consumption, as well as regular intense physical activity, were considered protective against such susceptibility. Regular physical activity and a diet with a high consumption of fruit and cereals may help reduce depressive symptoms, but sociodemographic features are as much as important as lifestyle habits.

Influence of tobacco, alcohol consumption, eating habits and physical activity in nursing students / Influência do consumo de tabaco e álcool, de hábitos alimentares e atividade física em estudantes de enfermagem / Influencia del consumo de tabaco y alcohol, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física en estudiantes de enfermería

Objective: to determine the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, eating habits, and physical activity among nursing students and to detect whether being a nursing student is a protective factor against these habits. Method: a questionnaire was used to collect information on age, academic year, sex, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity, and healthy eating. An information sheet and informed consent form were given. The sample was composed of 264 students aged between 18-30 years from four academic years. Results: of the total sample, 15.5% smoked, 83.7% consumed alcoholic beverages and 97.2% consumed over the weekend. The total of 68.6% did not practice exercises and 70.5% needed changes in their diet. Conclusion: nursing students have high levels of alcohol consumption and low levels of smoking compared with other studies. The higher the academic year, the lower the age of onset of tobacco consumption. The number of men who exercised was higher, which is considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption and is related to a healthy diet. Smoking has a negative influence on diet. The students needed to change their diet. Finally, being a nursing student is not considered a protective factor against alcohol and tobacco consumption, nor having good eating habits and exercising.

Objetivo: determinar o consumo de álcool e tabaco, os hábitos alimentares e a atividade física entre estudantes de enfermagem e verificar se o fato de ser estudante de enfermagem é fator de proteção contra estes hábitos. Método: utilizou-se questionário para coletar informações sobre idade, ano letivo, sexo, consumo de álcool e tabaco, atividade física e alimentação saudável. Foram entregues uma folha com informações e um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A amostra foi composta por 264 estudantes com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, de quatro anos acadêmicos. Resultados: do total da amostra, 15,5% fumavam, 83,7% consumiam bebidas alcoólicas e 97,2% consumiam no final de semana. Um total de 68,6% não praticava exercícios, e 70,5% necessitavam de alterações na dieta. Conclusão: estudantes de enfermagem apresentam altos níveis de consumo de álcool e baixos níveis de tabagismo em comparação com outros estudos. Quanto maior é o ano letivo, menor é a idade em que iniciaram o consumo de tabaco. O número de homens que se exercitavam foi maior, o que é considerado fator de proteção contra o consumo de álcool e tabaco e está relacionado a uma dieta saudável. Fumar tem influência negativa na dieta. Os estudantes precisavam mudar sua dieta. Por fim, ser estudante de enfermagem não é considerado fator de proteção contra o consumo de álcool e tabaco, nem significa ter bons hábitos alimentares e praticar exercícios.

Objetivo: determinar el consumo de alcohol, tabaco, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física entre los estudiantes de enfermería y detectar si ser estudiante de enfermería es un factor protector contra estos hábitos. Método: se utilizó un cuestionario para recopilar información sobre la edad, el año académico, el sexo, el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, la actividad física y la alimentación saludable. Se presentó una hoja de información y un formulario de consentimiento informado. La muestra estaba compuesta por 264 estudiantes que tenían entre 18 y 30 años, a partir de cuatro años académicos. Resultados: del total de la muestra, el 15,5% fumaba, el 83,7% consumía bebidas alcohólicas y el 97,2% consumía alcohol durante el fin de semana. El total del 68,6% no practica ejercicio físico y el 70,5% necesita cambios en su dieta. Conclusión: los estudiantes de enfermería tienen altos niveles de consumo de alcohol y bajos niveles de tabaquismo en comparación con otros estudios. A mayor curso académico, menor será la edad de inicio del consumo de tabaco. El número de hombres que practican actividad física fue mayor, lo que es considerado un factor protector contra el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y está relacionado con una dieta saludable. Fumar influye negativamente en la dieta. Los estudiantes necesitaban cambiar sus dietas. Por último, ser estudiante de enfermería no es considerado un factor protector contra el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, ni para que se tenga buenos hábitos alimenticios ni para que se practique actividad física.